Legal System Corruption And Where Is Corruption

legal system? Corruption: What is corruption and where is corruption in our world? The broad or basic dictionary definition of corruption is dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery (Corruption |Usage Example Sentence, Pronunciation, Web Definition | Google Dictionary.). My definition of corruption is the same, but my definition of corruption in law enforcement is different. This is my definition of corruption in law enforcement; when officers of the law are apart of officer misconduct and corruption which are abuses of their police authority. The misconduct and corruption refer to a wide range of different procedural, criminal, and civil violations. Officer misconduct is the broadest category, it is procedural when misconduct refers to officers who violate their police departments rules and/or regulations; it is criminal when misconduct refers to officers who violate state and/or federal laws; it is unconstitutional when misconduct refers to officers who viol ate a citizen s civil rights. The most common forms of officer misconduct are the excessive use of physical and/or deadly force, discriminatory arrest, physical and/or verbal harassment, and selective enforcement of the law. People who are corrupt in law enforcement create a negative perception of the United States legal system. What is corruption and where is corruption in our world? Why police officers lie under oath. Thousands of innocent people plead guilty to crimesShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Money Laundering1445 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Background of study Over a long period of time, corruption has been the focal point of every government, media and academics globally. Through money laundering, proceeds of crime can be disguised. Proceeds of crime can simply be put as money earned from profit-oriented crime. The methods used are many and highly complicated. Corruption is one of the organised crime which is said to be primarily associated with the laundering of proceeds through money laundering. Technological tools accord furtherRead MoreEssay Case734 Words   |  3 PagesHong Le 4/11/2013 MGMT 4670 Prof. Damkar Written Response #1 1. What systems make up the political economy? What is the relationship of these systems? Political economy is made up of political systems, economic systems and legal systems of a country. The political, economic, legal systems can have a profound impact on the level of the economic development in a country and hence the attractiveness of a country and its potential as a trading partner or host for a foreign direct investmentRead MoreThe List Of Core Corrupt Acts1345 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"popular† among white-collar employees, like higher government officials, I am going to address to this kind of a corruption. Bribery perhaps is the most widespread form of corruption. In the opinion of Santoro and Strauss (2013), bribery is the giving, offering, soliciting or receiving of any valuable item to influence or sway the actions of those with power or officials in discharge of legal or public duty. In other words, it is giving or receiving something of value to influence a transaction. A crimeRead MoreReasons For Socio Economic Rights1515 Words   |  7 Pagescriminalisation? As argued in chapter six, the research answered the question that socio-economic rights quite unlike civil and political rights has retained second-rank status in practice and this has influenced the lower status accorded to it in most domestic legal frameworks. Besides, international criminal law is argued to be overtly crisis focused. Starr proffers three reasons for the crisis focus nature of international criminal law ‘its historical and doctrinal roots, the theories used to support internationalRead MoreCultural Values And Practices Influence Corruption1573 Words   |  7 Pagescountry is entirely free from corruption. Worldwide, different types of corruption occur at varying degrees. Theorists have analysed the historical, economic, political, and legal factors behind the phenomenon, but are still unable to account for why corruption rates vary so vastly across countries with similar political-economic systems. This essay examines a crucial but insufficiently considered variable – culture, and explores its significance in explaining corruption. I argue that culture playsRead MoreIndia And Jap Rule Of Law1641 Words   |  7 Pagesits citizens with enforcement structures. In India, Western ideals and institutions were welcomed and successfully integrated with local culture. In Japan, transplant of rule of law ideals only occurred post-war and the transplant of western legal systems were in the course of colonization and voluntary importation for Japan to move forward economically . The first Prime Minister of India, Jawarhalal Nehru, saw the rule of law as synonymous with the maintenance of a civilised existence. IndiaRead MorePrisons Are Exclusive Frameworks Of Interaction1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily members or legal counsel. Being engaged in such close relationships over lengthy periods of time, forming familiar bonds of friendship, likely discourages the reporting of inappropriate inmate actions to the warden or other oversight bodies. Reticence to report misconducts also stems from the perception that such actions will result in the officer being targeted for retaliatory action, such as physical assault. (Steinberg, 2004). A significant amount of prison corruption in the relationshipRead MorePublic Corruption1462 Words   |  6 PagesPUBLIC CORRUPTION Kelly Monks Anthony F. Scarpelli CJ-305-02 Applied Criminal Justice Ethics Unit 2 Critical Analysis Essay May 1, 2011 PUBLIC CORRUPTION Public corruption involves a breach of public trust and/or abuse of position by federal, state, or local officials and their private sector accomplices. By broad definition, a government official, whether elected, appointed or hired, may violate federal law when he/she asks for, demands, solicits, accepts, or agrees to receiveRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesJr October 22, 2016 Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states that it’s the study of morality. Ethics are the basis of our criminal justice system. From the arresting officers who take an oath to serve and protect,Read More Police Corruption and Misconduct Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Police corruption and misconduct come apparent in many different forms. A basic definition for police corruption is, when an officer gets involved in offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission, to obtain improper financial benefit. The main reason for such corruption is typically for personal gain, such as bribery. Police abuse of authority occurs in three different general areas such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, and legal abuse. Physical abuse is such

Affirmative Action Research Paper - 2403 Words

Affirmative Action University of Phoenix Susan E. Ricard Since the beginning of affirmative action, there has been controversy about the program being an effective tool to eliminate discrimination in education and the workplace. Even though the numbers with affirmative action plans seemed to have improved the percentage of minorities in schools and workplaces, it does not work to mandate that people change. Once the mandates disappear the numbers begin to decrease. In its conception in 1964 with the implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, affirmative action was meant to be a way of allowing an equal opportunity for, at this time, blacks to be given the same chances as white men. The argument was that since the beginning†¦show more content†¦Should not the proponents of affirmative action, rather, want to improve the education of the minorities before college so that the standards can remain equal? How compassionate are people when the standards are lowered and what does that do to the mentality of the ones who get accepted without actually being good enough. Lyndon Johnson stated it perfectly by saying, â€Å"You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say,† ’You are free to compete’†¦ and still justly believe that you have been completely fair†. (Nagel, 2001). To make someone more equal, progress ive steps should be involved. Those on the minority side, who may not have the best education, sometimes must work harder to prove themselves. This work ethic is not all bad and especially, today, does not only apply to minorities but also to those with any disadvantage. Who has ever been disappointed in themselves for working hard to get where they are, or for their accomplishments? Those that work hard to acquire success have greater self-esteem and more self-worth than those who have not had to earn a position or status. There are many prominent blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and women who have gotten their positions by hard work and determination, not affirmative action. Some of the black prominent figures who advanced themselves include:Show MoreRelatedThe Ban On Affirmative Action902 Words   |  4 Pagesplan on researching why California and other states should uplift the ban of Affirmative Action is establishments like universities. Removing the ban on Affirmative Action would help encourage and advance that generally don’t gravitate towards higher education thus equalizing the playing field in terms of success in future life. So California should heavily consider lifting the legislative bans on the Affirmative Action Plan because although all Americans should be treated as equals, there are instancesRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action College Admissions 2 Abstract Affirmative action has been a strong subject of discussion and debate for more than 30 years. Its use in college admissions has even been heard and ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court. Affirmative action is in essence, a policy or procedure developed by numerous institutions of higher learning to attempt to diversify their student bodies racially and by ethnicity. Looking closer at this procedure will display the advantages and disadvantages ofRead MoreAffirmative Action : Equal Employment Opportunity1004 Words   |  5 PagesWilliams 1 Kyle D. Williams Ms. Denk Honors English 9 12 May 2017 Research Paper In 1961, president John F Kennedy issued an executive order which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and funded new actions to bring about â€Å"affirmative action† in eliminating racial bias in employment. In 1969 President Richard Nixon created the Philidelphia Order, a plan to make sure fair hiring was enforced. Initially, these acts were meant to correct past mistakes, and the opportunities were similarRead MoreAffirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Name Management 11th November 2011 Affirmative Action Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through theRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important For Society1649 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative action Affirmative action is an attempt to address past discriminatory injustices which may be based on gender, race or ethnicity. Affirmative action may take the form of policies and programs which are mostly mandated by governments and designed to bring changes in organizations, companies and educational institutions. Affirmative action is a vital tool which provides qualified people with equal access to educational or professional opportunities that they would otherwise have beenRead MoreThe Impact Of History And Counseling Theories1046 Words   |  5 Pagesethnic groups, LGBTQ, and the disabled. Unfortunately, understanding culture and being sensitive to the issues of that culture is often challenging for a counselor. Self-awareness is a critical component to being able to help minority clients. This paper will discuss the impact of history and counseling theories and how both have benefited and oppressed cultural groups. History, Theories, Benefits, and Oppression on Cultural Groups I think the theories and history of counseling have erred more towardsRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreBA 340 Human Resource Management All Assignments Midterm and Final Exam1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe context,write a 1500 word paper in which you  describe the workforce shifts in types of jobs during the past hundred years.  Also, answer the over-arching question,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What implications have these workforce shifts created for today’s HR manager?†    Please include a title sheet and 2-3 references.   Only one reference may come from the internet (not Wikipedia).   The other references should be located in the Grantham University online library.   Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirementRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Affirmative Action Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesEssay The Affirmative Action Debate Affirmative Action Defined Affirmative Action can be defined as â€Å"positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)†. However because those steps involve â€Å"preferential† selection affirmative action generates intense controversy (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Affirmative Action (Negative)Read MoreNecessity of Affirmative Action Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesIt is illegal to institute quotas and to fulfill them solely based on the race or gender of the applicant in any affirmative action programs. Employers and schools are required to set goals and time frames, for hiring or recruiting women and minorities to achieve racial diversity. Due to under representation of African Americans, women and minorities, affirmative action was created. It was created to ensure the inclusion of all qualified individuals and to prevent race and gender discrimination.

Online Relationships Free Essays

Online Relationships Cyberspace relationships have the advantages of time, distance depletion, and fantasy abilities (Suler). Internet users can take on different identities or take part in fantasy games. They can become someone else. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now James Katz and Philip Aspen report that the Internet is a place to make friends and stay in touch with far away relatives (Stoll). It makes distance disappear. Also, online a person is given time before they must respond to the other person (Suler). They are given the opportunity to better articulate themselves in writing. It is also possible to store conversations with friends on-line (Suler). Sometimes face to face relationships are hard to make. It’s easier for a shy or awkwardly social person to use the internet to make friends. With all of these social advantages, why are there still many lonely Internet users? â€Å"Paradoxically, the Internet is a social technology used for communication, yet it results in declining social involvement and psychological well-being† (Stoll). There is a large gap between people we can touch and people we can onl†¦ heheheheheh eheh jajb ladjbas hbdfhS HDFBASUB LBFHAB SBDFLABSH CLABHK SCVBKBVKHS FVERBVKDSBFU NVA ;V ASK;VAS GBKV RHK VKJ VUIBKJ; SKJVB; V;KEVKJERVIUOVUER HA HA HA HA HA HA AHA HAHA HA A HAHA AHAHA AHJAH AHA AHA A AHAH A AHA A A HA AHA AH AHAHAA HA A AHA HA AHAH KG GTJT NENE EJSD S SMS DC KJFJ G GKGNMF SDN SNSNKSKSW SWKE EKOEOKE W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WE How to cite Online Relationships, Essay examples

Analysis of Representation Cultural Integration †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Representation Cultural Integration. Answer: Introduction: Australian media is identified as one of the media, which is considered as highly equipped and well-defined in comparison to other media resources of the world. The categorization of influence is identified on different level, but the area which got selected for the discussion here is considered as the health care and culturally safe environment. The current trends of Australia are changing with the changing perspectives. The media was formed in Australia due to colonialism and existing perspective related to the organization. But, in the current frame, media is changing with a very fast speed. Currently, the two media companies are dominating the current aspects related to the market. These organizations are named as the Fairfax and Australian Press (Carlson Dreher, 2017). Both the firms are strongly contributing in the publicity of the local and global media. The media identified in Australia have its firm control on the services and current scenario linked to the county. Apart from this, the media also helps in developing transparent image of the society with the centralized control on the activities. In contrast of this report, the basic aspect is related to the health activities. The major role of the media is to define the unexplored aspects connected to the society. In fact, the current growth aspects related to the different organization may also be managed with the help of media. Apart from this, the Australian media may also assist in defining different growth perspectives on a definite level. As the health care system is defined in this report, so in contrast to the health care system, different perspectives are visualized. The identification of new techniques, management of the other growth factors and new innovations related to the hospitality are considered as some of the major roles of the media in the Australia. The expansion of new techniques and introduction of new discoveries may also get calculated with the help of strong role of media (Cukier Ngwebyama, 2009). From the past many years, the image of media is expanding with a rapid speed. The new discoveries and availability of different forms of media for the common people helps in exploring the general aspects. The different forms of media which are available for highlighting its power are named as the print, social, TV and many more. The power of media also expands because the circulation of news can be done with the help of new techniques and services. The past news and reviews says that the Australian newspapers brings a new technique from U.S. which is identified as the wireless technique. This technique will be helpful in improving the existing power of the Australian media as well (Harding, 2005). The specification to the current scenario and market aspects of health care are also defined with the help of power of existing media in Australia. The reachability towards the culturally health care is becoming easier and comfortable as well. The positive aspects of the power and role of media on the culturally safe health care are very impressive. It becomes easier to disclose new affirmations and achievements among the common people. The common people can also able to access definite set of information from the media. In fact, the complex diseases of Australia also need specific information, which can be explored through the help of media. The different sources of media will aid in exploring the information, but simultaneously, the negative side of this aspect is that the basic ideas and approaches are explored on a wide level. Due to this, sometimes negative aspects may also get explored in front of the common people as well (Roberts, 2008). Impact of the media on culturally safe care The Australian health industry is identified as one of the complex industry. There are various changes and challenges identified on a continuous level. Before initiating the impacts of media on health care system, it is essential to assume the actual health care system associated to the Australia as well. The approach to the health care system is long lasting. The health care system is multifaceted system, which is divided into various steps. The patients have to face various steps and after that, suitable assistance to the patient can be identified. To manage specific process of healthcare system, the media and its specific roles got mentioned (Leask, King, Hooker, 2010). In reference to the Australia, the media plays the prominent role in exploring an awareness among the people on a wide level. All media like print, voice and TV plays their specific role in spreading specific set of awareness among the people. The internet and TV media is identified with an unparalleled mechanism through which the communication mechanism gets more strengthened. For an example, the swine flu is identified as such disease in which the disease spread among the common people with a fast speed. In fact, the chances for recovery are also very less. The main reason is the hidden pitch of these diseases. The media plays a prominent role defining the actual cause and unexpected reviews related to the disease. It will be very helpful for the common people for their recovery. Similar to this, there are various perspectives, which are affecting the health of people and detected by media as well (Australian Government, 2017). The traditional components like the print media and radio are considered as the poor vehicles for spreading knowledge among the common people. For making the approach vibrant, new tools of media like evidence based Journalism or Forlorn Hope is considered as one of the major sources for making the identity possible. This tool will be helpful in defining basic cause and symptoms for the disease on a wide level. Apart from this, the common public can able to identify methods and solutions as well. Apart from these services, the media also come up with special programs in which the introduction of new technology and marvelous techniques are also specified on a large landscape. The common public can also identify the actual change that is occurring on the level of media (Belfrage, 2007). The media also assists in supporting live campaigns and promotions related to the current diseases affecting the society. These diseases are named as diabetes, low blood pressure, obesity and many other genetic disorders. To manage these diseases, the media campaign is essential to be planned. The media also helps in generating required funds and amount for the growth and development related to the new campaign introduced in the society as well. The new method of journalism may also help in introducing healthcare professionals. These healthcare professionals are helpful in providing specific details and aspects related to the disease which is affecting common people with a rapid speed. In fact, the University of Sydney Human research ethics committee also discloses that media is considered as the most vibrant method through which hidden diseases can be sorted out (Walker, Cromarty, Linkewich, 2010). The common people can understand the outcomes and general prescription related to th e current disease. In short, it can be identified that the media is considered as the strong tool which may aid in providing the details of specific disease and apart from this, best possible aspects related to the media may also get generated. Demonstration of potential influence on Cultural Safety The cultural safety is considered as one of the basis aspect which may help in defining major aspects related to the health in country. The cultural safety is mainly related to the participation, protection and partnership. To manage the cultural safety aspects, it needs to identify the selection of media items. The selection of the best media items will be helpful in providing assistance for the process of improvement as well. The two media items which got selected for the discussion process are identified as the print media and internet T.V media (Korff, 2017). The first media item is identified as the print media. This is recognized as the most specific and richest source of expanding services associated with the healthcare in Australia. Due to the introduction of technology, the society is changing with very fast rate. In fact, the sharing of information among the common people is also changing, but still print media is considered as the best source of sharing information on a wide level. In Australia, diseases like obesity in Adolescence, diabetes and high blood pressure are becoming common. The written report of these aspects can be defined with help of print media only. The print media plays a positive role in the process of spreading news and latest reviews related to the current diseases which are spreading with a wide speed. The information related to the disease can be identified in the form of written articles, surveys, feedbacks and well managed data. By this, it will become easier to make the communication suitable and focused. The power and influence of daily news in newspapers will be helpful in providing specific assistance for the improvement as well. On daily basis, the newspaper like the Australian, the telegraph, the Australian financial reviews and the Sydney morning Herald will aid in providing specific assistance in the correct direction for defining the disease to the common people. Apart from this, print media also acts as the cheapest source for reachability to the common people (Honigman, 2013). Any class of the people in Australia can afford this medium to identify the diseases, which are getting common day by day. In short, it can be identified that the potential influence of print media is very strong and connective. It may help in creating positive impact on various developmental aspects as well. The cultural safety in health care and major domains related to the areas of health can easily be managed with the help of print media. The potential generate by the organization is very strong and effective as well. The second media item which is identified for the discussion is named as the T.V and internet media. This media is also considered as the most prominent source of spreading information among the common people. There are various positive perspectives of the internet in spreading health awareness and generating health campaigns, but the negative side of the T.V. and internet is that by this, the wrong information may also get spread among the people. For an example, there are various aboriginal issues that are identified on an initial level. These aboriginal issues are not covered by the media. Generally, the TV and internet are considered as the major source for down putting and ignorant treatment of the aboriginal activities. The people and society who are suffering from these diseases have to face the side effects too (Macri, 2016). The majority of online and TV media keep on covering those diseases which are getting common. These hidden diseases have only few columnist and reporter s who are providing specific guidance to the common people. This negative influence will create an inappropriate impact on the developmental aspects on the society as well as on the health related process. Apart from this, some articles also define that the Australian media is not so diverse. Due to the issues of diversification, the criteria for covering the major reports are not being identified at a specific level. In the year 2015, a survey was conducted in which about 75% of the articles were fake and 25% of the articles were not getting sufficient ground for the improvement of health and culturally recognized health system. This shows the negative influence of the process in all the possible manners. Conclusion By assuming different perspectives and processes related to the different types of media and their role in the society, it can be assumed that it is essential to manage basic perspectives connected to the advertisement and publicity. The health care sector is wide and there are various diseases that are hidden. For expanding the knowledge and to share basic aspects related to the disease, it is essential to look forward for the definite approach and medium too. There are various mediums that are provided for the development and improvement as well. In the above report, the media and its power are creating strong influence on the current diseases that are spreading very rapidly. There are various negative and positive perspectives that are visible on the level of media in Australia. The media is successful in managing all these perspectives. Apart from this, the media is also providing suitable structure for the development of existing aspects related to the current disease. In fact, media is also identified as one of the most developed and authorized aspect through which special attention can easily be drawn on the perspectives related to the health issues. The media is helpful in bringing change in the health matters and suitable processes related to it. For making the smooth flow of publicity and the appropriate services, there are various set of recommendations provided. These recommendations may help in providing assistance in the right direction. The first recommendation is related to the expansion and management of media. For this process, launch of media items should be managed in definite manner. Apart from this, the correct usage of media tools may also help in providing specific set of assistance as well. The second recommendation is related to the identification of cultural aspects and procedures. This may aid in providing developmental aspects for the improvement in culturally managed health care issues. References Australian Government. (2017). Australia's health system. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/health-system/ Belfrage, M. (2007). Why culturally safe health care? MJA Journal, 186(10), 537-538. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/186/10/why-culturally-safe-health-care Carlson, B., Dreher, T. (2017). Indigenous Innovation in Social Media. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/pb-assets/cmscontent/MIA/MIA_CFP_Indigenous_innovation_in_social_media.pdf Cukier, W., Ngwebyama, O. (2009, March). A critical analysis of media discourse on information technology: preliminary results of a proposed method for critical discourse analysis. Wiley journal, 19(2), 175196 . Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00296.x/abstract Harding, R. (2005). The media, aboriginal people and common sense. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 24(1), 311-335. Retrieved from https://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/25.1/cjnsv25no1_pg311-335.pdf Honigman, B. (2013, September). 24 Outstanding Statistics Figures on How Social Media has Impacted the Health Care Industry. Retrieved from https://getreferralmd.com/2013/09/healthcare-social-media-statistics/ Korff, J. (2017, March 06). Mainstream media coverage of Aboriginal issues. Retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/media-coverage-of-aboriginal-issues#axzz4glI51chZ Leask, J., King, C., Hooker, C. (2010, September 08). Media coverage of health issues and how to work more effectively with journalists: a qualitative study. Retrieved from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-10-535 Macri, J. (2016, January 06). Australia;s health system: some issues and challanges. Retrieved from https://health-medical-economics.imedpub.com/australias-health-system-some-issuesand-challenges.php?aid=8344 Roberts, J. (2008). Analysis of the representation of Indigenous Australians in mainstream print media: An exploration centred on the social determinants of health. La Trobe University. Retrieved from https://www.lowitja.org.au/sites/default/files/docs/Thesis-UPDATED-08.pdf Walker, R., Cromarty, H., Linkewich, B. (2010). Achieving Cultural Integration in Health Services: Design of Comprehensive Hospital Model for Traditional Healing, Medicines, Foods and Supports. Retrieved from https://www.naho.ca/documents/journal/jah06_01/06_01_06_Cultural_Integration_in_Health_Services.pdf

Internet Censorship Essays (3424 words) - Content-control Software

Internet Censorship The Internet is a wonderful place of entertainment and education but like all places used by millions of people, it has some murky corners people would prefer children not to explore. In the physical world society as a whole conspires to protect children, but there are no social or physical constraints to Internet surfing. The Internet Censorship Bill of 1995, also known as the Exon/Coats Communications Decency Act, has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. It would make it a criminal offense to make available to children anything that is indecent, or to send anything indecent with "intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass" ("Stop the Communications ..." n.p.). The goal of this bill as written(though not as stated by its proponents) is to try to make all public discourse on the Internet suitable for young children. The issue of whether is it necessary to have censorship on the Internet is being argued all over the world. There are numerous homepages on the World Wide Web discussing this issue, or asking people to sign the petition to stop government censorship. The Internet was originally a place for people to freely express their ideas worldwide. It is also one of America's most valuable types of technology; scientists use email for quick and easy communication. They post their current scientific discoveries on the Usenet newsgroups so other scientists in the same field of study all over the world can know in minutes. Ordinary people use the Net for communication, expressing their opinions in the newsgroups, obtaining up-to-date information from the WWW, acquiring files by using FTP, etc. Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. In the Internet community, there is a large volume of technical terms. For this reason, it is first necessary to examine the terminology specific to Internet. The Internet is a world wide computer network. The "Net" is frequently used in place of Internet. In the words of Allison and Baxter, two experts on Internet Censorship at the Monash University, "the Internet is comprised of various digital media subsuming many of the distinct roles of traditional media" (Allison and Baxter 3). Electronic mail (email), which is one component of the Internet, approximates person to person letters, memoranda, notes and even phone calls. Sound and pictures are sometimes sent along with text. Email is mainly for private communication. Electronic mailing lists are rather like club newsletters and readers have to contract-in or subscribe to a list. Another term that is often used is electronic news (enews/Usenet), enews is a broadcast, free to the Internet medium. It has some properties of radio or television, particularly talk-back radio or television, in that the destination is indiscriminate. The term FTP is also frequently used. File transfer protocol (FTP) started as an Internet archival and retrieval medium, somewhat analogous to traditional libraries. Files can be retrieved from distant computers using a traditional text-based interface. The world-wide web (WWW), which is another component of the Net, can be used to "publish" material that would traditionally appear in journals, magazines, posters, books, television and even on film. The term UNIX, "a widely heard computer term, is a multi-user, multitasking operating system originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, at AT&T Bell Laboratories, in 1969 for use on minicomputers" ("UNIX" n.p.). To understand the background of the controversy, it is also necessary to give a brief history on the Internet. The Internet was created about twenty years ago in an attempt to connect a U.S. Defense Department network called the ARPAnet and various other radio and satellite networks. The ARPAnet was an experimental network designed to support military research; in particular, research about how to build networks that could withstand partial outages (such as bomb attacks) and still function. At about the same time the Internet was coming into being, Ethernet local area networks ("LANs") were developed. Most of these workstations came with Berkeley UNIX, which included IP (Internet Protocol) networking software. This created a new demand: rather than connecting to a single large timesharing computer per site, organizations wanted to connect the ARPAnet to their entire local network. The demand keeps growing today. Now that most four-year colleges are connected to the Net, people are trying to get secondary and primary schools connected. People who have graduated from college where they have used the resources of the Net in classes, know what the Internet is good for, and talk their employers into connecting different corporations. All this activity points to continued growth, networking problems to

punishment argument essays

punishment argument essays hat sentencing a person to death does not change the reality of the situation; the harm already done simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoner's life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to defend their opinion mainly on two grounds: death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the "let the punishment fit the crime" ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the loss of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the individual that committed this act. Many also feel that if an individual can possess the strength and will to take the life of another human being in a planned maner human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first degree murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very concept provokes a profusion of valid questions and opinions. Today's daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and many citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people quote passages such as the "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. Some people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on l, automatic state review, post-conviction hearing, and Supreme Court petitions. The cost of maintaining the death row inmates in prisons, clemency hearings, and of the execution itself are also added to the price of capital punishment. In New York, there was ...

Management research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management research project - Essay Example tructure could enhance the involvement of employees and at the same time, allows for the creation of a culture that caters to the needs of their customers or patrons. Nemiro, Beyerlein, Bradley and Beyerlein (2008) also support the abovementioned by stating that it is through the organization of employees through teams that they are expected to practice working not just by themselves but with others as well. Because of this then, individuals are expected to perform in a more efficient way when they are organized into teams. Fink (1992) on the other hand also states that there are also some advantages that organizations may experience due to individual work. According to him, the motivation, commitment and productivity of workers will significantly increase in the event that they are given the chance to â€Å"own† the process. At the same time, high commitment can also be guaranteed when they are allowed to develop their own standards by which they control the work. It is because of the abovementioned then that the researcher seeks to look into three specific terms in this research: (1) employee motivations; (2) the scheme of working as individuals; and (3) the organization of employees into teams. The next section of this chapter shall then present the general aim of this research. The general aim of this research is to compare the effects of the organization of employees into teams and individual work to their motivation, commitment and productivity. Aside from this, the research shall also have the following objectives: Seven chapters shall make up this study. These seven chapters offer extensive discussion regarding the topic at hand in order to produce valid and reliable conclusions needed for the commencement of the study. The seven chapters are the following: (1) Introduction; (2) Literature Review; (3) Methodology; (4) Company/Industry Background; (5) Findings; (6) Discussions; and lastly, (7) Conclusion. Chapter 2, on the other hand, is devoted to the

Charlie Sheen Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Charlie Sheen - Case Study Example Part B: Personality Charlie Sheen has an extraversion individuality that is indicated by his life that is full of energy and happiness around people and is full of vigor and stamina. This scenario of Charlie Sheen’s individuality is reflected in Sigmund Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis. This is evident in the case of Charlie Sheen who grew in a family of actors who helped him nurture his career from babyhood. Openness to experience is a cognitive style that differentiates between resourceful people from the introverts. Charlie Sheen as evidenced in this style remarks that his intellectual abilities have a symbolic thinking that is in the form of performance and artistic cognition. The three theories of Freud, Adler and Erikson explain similar behaviors. These occur at birth and up to five years, while Erikson concurs with Freud assumption but suggests that development occur even after infancy. Adler emphasized the quintessence of developing equal interests and the same family structures when raising children. He stated how feeling inferior can affect a person’s self-esteem and can affect a person’s health. He is also of the opinion that a person should have a holistic life that will improve a person’s development. I believe that the MBTI type of Charlie Sheen is that of Extroversion, as characterized by his choices and actions. His upbringing has played a major role in the choice of his career and has used his ego to achieve what and make the choices he has made in life. Charlie Sheen has taken and grown in the culture of the parents having brought up in a family that has long been known for the acting career. He is gifted and a swift thinker as evidenced in his steady growth and success in his media career. He has had Psychosocial Development because... Psychological theories are useful in understanding of personality because one is able to distinguish between dissimilar aspects of personality. One is able to appreciate why an individual behaves the way he does. Psychological theories are vital when bringing up children to help them realize their full latent and advise them accordingly. From the study of these theories, it shows that trust starts at an early stage in life when a child feels that it can stay for some time without the presence of the mother. Every individual has a different personality from another. Finally, the development of one’s behavior that is morally and emotionally squarely lies with the family. A family determines the future of a person by pressing out the positive traits and nurturing them.

A strong healthy economy versus a strong healthy environment Essay

A strong healthy economy versus a strong healthy environment - Essay Example There is the old adage that health is wealth, which means that â€Å"a healthy person can work with efficiency to earn wealth†.Therefore, it could be deduced that everything begins with a disposition for health that starts from within and from the person’s values of importance to have a strong healthy environment. When one is to reflect on the question, which is more important: a strong healthy economy or a strong healthy environment, the appropriate response to this question lies first in defining the determinants of health. According to Healthy People 2020, there are five crucial determinants of health: economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, as well as neighborhood and environment. Suffice it to say that these determinants are on equal footing with each other; meaning, one determinant does not surpass the relevance or importance of the other one, since each facet is instrumental for the overall success and healthy status o f the citizens. Economists could profess that a healthy economy is more important; while environmentalists would contend that a healthy environment is a key to a healthy economy (Aurilio and Sargent). However, given that for the sake of argumentation, one needs to make a choice regarding preferential importance: a strong healthy economy versus a strong healthy environment, one is convinced that a strong healthy economy is of a paramount concern. ... Concurrently, a healthy economy eventually creates economic stability that effectively addresses an effective use of natural resources, and an appropriate disposal of wastes, among others. A healthy economy has determined the most effective use of the natural resources in the environment to make economic activities sustainable, in the long run. As emphasized, â€Å"using our natural resource base in a more efficient way, and maintaining a larger supply of both non-renewable and renewable resources relative to demand, makes the products of a nation, a company, or a community more competitive in the marketplace† (Church par. 14). Evidently, a healthy environment, per se, does not benefit society in the long run – but, being able to use the natural resources towards economic pursuit generate greater advantages for a greater number of people over a longer time frame. People in an economically stable environment have learned to deal with issues of sustainability and social r esponsibility that integrates environmental protection and conservation. Church averred that measures of economic growth are effective gauges of the health of the economy: â€Å"growth in gross national product has become the seminal indicator of the health of our economy†¦ If an economic activity produces directly one million dollars in product, but also results in one million dollars of costs in health impacts and destruction of essential assets, common sense might lead you to think nothing has been gained. But health services and asset replacement are part of the gross national product, and using GNP as a measure, the loss becomes a gain† (par. 10). Thus, through economic indicators, a strong and healthy economy and society is effectively and

Using The Macro External Environment Analysis

Using The Macro External Environment Analysis Macro external environment here includes the factors such as issues related to politics, economical reforms and achievements, social behaviour, technological enhancements and inventions, environmental changes and environmental concerns and legislation and legislative changes. All these factors bear a significant effect on any industry and business. A business has take into consideration all such effects and then formulate its strategies and policies to work along with them and prosper. PESTEL analysis tool helps in determining the effect of all such factors on an industry and businesses. With the help of PESTEL analysis we will be seeing the affects of such factors on Indian Bakery and Dairy Industry. PESTEL analysis is a technique for identifying and listing the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors in the general environment most relevant to an organisation. (Boddy, D (2005). Management An Intoduction. 3rd ed. UK: Pearson Education. 88.) Type of Factors Effecting Factors Political Economical Social Technological Environmental Legal Exemption on Customs on Sugar Raw Material Import Shortage of Milk Need for Healthy Eating Habits Cloning of Livestock Change in the Climatic Conditions Raising the Norms for the Probiotic Food VAT on Biscuits Rise in Sugar Production and Duty Free Sugar Imports Problems with Cloned Livestock New Age Packaging Removal of Import Duty on Dairy Products Globalization Incentives to Build Cold Storage Facilities Requirement for Logistics Political Exemption on Customs Duty on Sugar Raw Material Import Due to the shortage in the production of sugar the deadline for the exemption on customs duty on raw sugar imports has been extended by the government to April 1, 2011 (Dey, A Jha, Dilip K (2010) Duty-free sugar imports extended till April 2011, Business Standard). Since sugar is a major input in the bakery, the price of sugar highly influences the price of inputs of the bakery industry. Exemption on customs duty will help in purchasing sugar at lower cost, which in turn will control the cost of production. VAT on Biscuits The VAT of 12.5% on Biscuits, being the only processed food item to attract such high VAT rates, will affect the pricing of the product (Bhushan, R (2009) Biscuit prices to rise by 10%, The Economic Times). Price of the biscuits might need to be increased due to the high VAT rates which may result in switch of brands due to the highly competitive market. Removal of Import Duty on Dairy Products The whole-sale price based inflation indicates that the milk prices have moved up by 14.73% over the last year. Worried about the rising prices government announced the removal of duty on Skimmed Milk Powder (SMP) and other dairy products (Govt removes import duty on dairy products (2010), Business Standard). The imports at cheaper rate would help in reduce the cost factor for dairy products. Incentives to Build Cold Storage Facilities Wastage of food items due to lack of cold storage facilities lead to a loss of Rs. 500 billion every year. The government announces schemes and incentives to attract investments in cold storage warehousing (Union Budget 2010: Cold-storage incentives to attract fresh funds (2010), The Economic Times). Increase in the number of cold storage facilities would help in preserving products better and reduce the wastage cost. Economical Shortage of Milk Even though the milk production has risen by 4.6% compound annual average growth rate, it still cannot match up with the increasing demand. The demand for milk has been growing at a faster rate than the growth rate of milk production resulting in the shortage of milk supply (Milk output would stagnate (2010) The Economic Times). India cannot meet its expected demand if the demand and supply rise at the same rate. For the same the reason, the milk prices are on a constant rise. Price of milk increased by 12.6% to 13.6% (Goyal, K (2010) Indias Food-Price Inflation Holds Near 11-Year High- Business Week). This can cause an increase in the input cost for the dairy products and which in turn can lead to hike in price or lower profit margins. If the company increases the price of its products, it may affect the sales as it might lose on consumers. Rise in Sugar Production and Duty Free Sugar Imports The total sugar production in the first six months ending September 2010 is expected to be 22% more than the output in the unchanged phase last season, the total production expected is at 16.7 million (Press Trust India (PTI) (2010) Sugar output rises 22% in first half of 2009-10, Business Standard). Due to the shortage in the production of sugar the deadline for the exemption on customs duty on raw sugar imports has been extended by the government to April 1, 2011 (Dey, A Jha, Dilip K (2010) Duty-free sugar imports extended till April 2011, Business Standard). The increase in sugar production and the duty exemption on raw sugar can help in purchasing sugar at lower prices and this in turn can help in producing goods at lower prices. Globalization Globalization a universal phenomenon is affecting each and every industry. The world is coming closer, the communication gap is closing and the businesses are going global. This can serve as an opportunity to expand the business to a global level but on the other hand there is a threat of new entrants from international market. Requirements for Logistics Logistics in India suffer due to the poor infrastructure and other limitations. There is a high demand for sophisticated third party logistics so the domestic logistics service providers are trying to improve their service. International participation is also expected in the logistics industry (Pandey, S Basu, A (2010) Logistics cos ramp up supply chain to meet rising demand, The Economic Times). Sophiscticated logistics system will help in proper supply chain management and on time delivery of goods, which help in maintaining the shelf life of goods on meeting the demand on time. Social Need for Healthy Eating Habits Studies say that Indians are more prone to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), which is the major independent risk factor causing Cardiovascular diseases, due to the smaller calibred arteries found in Indians (Isalkar, U (2009) Indians more prone to heart disease, The Times of India). This suggests that Indians should move towards more healthy food and diet. This could be a new area to explore for Britannia with its new health associated products like Nuti-Choice biscuits and Actimind flavoured milk. Problems with Cloned Livestock Cloned animals are supposed to be suffering from large-offspring syndrome. The mother cows face a problem in giving birth to the cloned animals as they are larger than normal. Also these cloned animals suffer from health issues (Gogoi, P (2007) The case against cloning, BusinessWeek). It is morally wrong to clone animals as they cause problems to the mother during the birth and moreover the cloned livestock suffer from health issues which might make unsafe to consume the produce from them. Technological Cloning of Livestock India, a late entrant in cloning research, is now moving with a great pace in cloning technology. Hand guided cloning technique, a technique very different from the conservative cloning practice has been a successful venture (Mahalakshmi, BV Chowdhary, S (2009) Cloning Glory, The Financial Express). New Age Packaging The new packaging systems help in protecting food from micro-organisms by creating shelter layer. It uses new technologies like oxygen scavenging function, atmosphere control, biodegrability etc. and is low cost (Han, J Packaging Innovations, Bakers Journal). The packaging technology helps in preserving food for longer by protecting them from micro-organisms with the help of new technologies, thus resulting in longer shelf life of the food. The advantage of low cost packing and longer shelf life could be very beneficial for the company in increasing its profit margin. Environmental Change in the Climatic Conditions Climate plays an important role in the agriculture process. The change in the rainfall pattern has been a matter of concern now in India. The agriculture sector in areas which are monsoon dependent suffered badly due to the change in the rainfall pattern. The sector suffered a huge loss in terms of total output (Bhosale, J (2009) Farmers worried over climate disturbances, The Economic Times). The loss in crop will affect the input supply and this might delay or cause problems in the production. So the industry might not be able to meet the demands resulting in the loss of customers. Legal Raising the Norms for the Probiotic Food There is a need for setting the standards for probiotic food. Clinical tests should be conducted on the probiotic foods before they could reach the market for sale. The Indian Council of Medical and Research has submitted the proposal for the same to the government (Das, S (2009) Probiotic food likely to come under clinical trial ambit, The Financial Express). Strict norms will help in raising the quality standards but on the other hand the cost and time of production might subsequently increase. Micro External Environment Analysis Factors that influence the micro external environment are Competitor Rivalry, Threat of New Entrants, Threat of Substitutes, Buyers Power and Suppliers Power. These factors play a vital role in determining the current situation of the business and to plan strategies accordingly. With the help Porters Five Forces we will be analysing these factors and their immediate effect on the company. Five forces analysis is a technique for identifying and listing those aspects of the five forces most relevant to the profitability of an organisation at that time. (Boddy, D (2005). Management An Intoduction. 3rd ed. UK: Pearson Education. 83.) Competitor Rivalry: BIL has a market share of 38% and has been growing at 27%, compared to the industry growth rate of 20% (Saxena, R (2007) Battle-scarred Britannia on expansion spree, Business Standard) and has many competitors based on the nature of product. Parle and ITC (Sunfeast) pose a great competition to BIL (Biscuit Industry: India (2010), Market Research India). BIL earning major of its income from the biscuits (Britannia Annual Report 2007-08 (2008)), and Parle and ITC are the other major players in biscuit market. BIL is also into the production of dairy products, where the two major players in market are Amul and Nestle. Amul is the leader in the dairy industry. There is also a high level of competition from the unorganised baking sector. Overall rivalry is high. Threat of New Entrants: The entry on a small scale dairy industry and in the unorganised baking sector is easy. But on the other hand to enter the large scale dairy industry and organised baking sector a huge amount of investment is required in terms acquiring assets and to establish supply and distribution chains. Government regulations pertaining to food norms and others may also seem to be unattractive. Looking at the latest trends, the bakery industry is expected to earn huge revenues which might attract new entrants (Vijay, N (2008) Indian Bakery sector foresees high growth and increasing interest in product offering, FnBNews.com). So the threat of new entrants is moderate. Threat of Substitutes: Savoury snacks, crisps, cereals, fruits and other fast food can be substituted for biscuits. Dairy products are dubious to be replacing with other products as they key ingredients of majority of peoples diet. So the threat is a very moderate threat of substitutes. Buyers Power: The buyers of these products could be a retailer or the consumer. Both the dairy and bakery industry are price sensitive, so a little increase in price might lead the consumer to shift other brand or product. So the buyers power is calculated to be very strong. Suppliers Power: The major supplies for a bakery industry include wheat, sugar and other agriculture products. And the major supplies for dairy product is milk. Its difficult to bargain with the suppliers of the above mentioned inputs as the price of these inputs is majorly influenced by the production of these inputs. The prices tend to be high as the demand for these products is rising at much faster rate than supply. The secondary supplies include the packaging material. The secondary supplies can be easily substituted with the low-cost ones to save on cost. Overall the suppliers power is assessed to be moderate. Conclusion of Five Forces Analysis: There is an existence of major players in the market with a moderate level of threat of new entrants and substitutes. The suppliers power is moderate but the buyers power is measured to be strong. So the rivalry is suggested to be high. Stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) Freedman (1984) defines a stakeholder as any individual or group who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of the organisations objectives. Further in addition to that, Clarkson (1995), stated that the government and the other communities that effect the working of the business and the market also form as a part of stakeholders. Stakeholders, except the employees, have a high power over the strategic change ideas (Hayes, J (2007). The Theory and Practice of Change Management. 2nd ed. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 153). Internal Stakeholders The internal stakeholders are the ones associated with the company internally. For BIL its internal stakeholders would be: The Shareholders The Board of Directors, and The Employees Currently, nearly 51% of shares are held by Corporate Bodies and the rest 49% is held by the public (Statement showing shareholding pattern (2009), Britannia Industries Limited). The board consists of 11 members (Company Overview, Britannia Industries Limited) and employees nearly 2000 people (Britannia Industries Ltd. Overview, MarketLine). External Stakeholders The external stakeholders are the ones who are not immediately associated with company but influence the decision making of the company. To BIL the external stakeholders are as follows: Customers Suppliers Contractors Government Regulatory Agenices (like Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, etc.), and Society Britannia being the leader in the baker industry of India has a huge amount of customers to cater. Britannia has to keep up the tastes and quality preferences of its customers. The government plays an important in influencing the market by creating and changing the policies. BIL has to adhere to the rules and regulations formulated by the regulatory agencies. The suppliers and contractors form an important part of a business. Britannia completely relies on its suppliers and contractors for its raw materials. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) For years corporate entities followed the practice of providing goods and services and maximizing wealth. But the trends have changed over the period of years. The companies are now expected to be more socially responsible. The company now has to be responsible to the stakeholders, society and environment. They are expected to pay back to the environment and society for all the affects that are caused due to its operations (Idowu, S Filho, W (2009) Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin: Springer. 1-2). BIL believes in working with the society and the culture. It gives a premier importance to the nation and its policies. It believes in being a good corporate citizen by not just adhering to the rules and regulations but also by helping the community to improve the quality of life. BIL involves itself in initiating and providing support to community health and family welfare, water management, vocational training, educating people and encouraging the application of modern techniques and technologies. BIL believes in ethical behaviour.

The conservative movement :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new wave of the right wing conservative movement started in the 1980’s with the yuppies. The young urban professionals were all about business and money and of course most of them were part of the GOP (Republican Party). They strayed away from the left wing liberals like hippies most hippies could have had a yuppie as a baby. The presidents we had were a part of this movement to Ronald Reagan (1981-1989 Republican) started this movement; George Bush (1989-1993 Republican) kept the movement going, Bill Clinton (1993-2001 Democrat) the movement calmed down at this point. Now it comes full circle with George W. Bush (2001-present).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is one classic book that was too obscene for the conservatives so they banned it. The book was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. It was placed on the banned list twice and has been twice removed. The first time it was banned in 1965 by the NAACP because it used the word nigger too many times, then in 1984 because a black alderman found the books language offensive. Not only do I think it is wrong to ban any type of literature but how can they say what is obscene and offensive? Another American classic that was banned was The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck once again it was for the vulgarity of the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stifling effect of censorship is worse now since the Janet Jackson fiasco at Superbowl XXXVIII. The FCC was and still is doing a crack down on any and everything they find obscene. Howard Stern takes the spot light, with his â€Å"crude† humor and brash way of doing things. The FCC doesn’t like him very much. They fined him a record $495,000 for a â€Å"blumpkin† reference. The FCC can fine you for things they deem are obscene and vulgar. The only problem is he said this obscene reference over two years before they fined him which has never been done. All that will change on January 2006 when Howard moves to satellite radio.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satellite radio is new and has only been on the market for about 5 years. It’s like cable T.V. for the radio and that is a good thing for Howard Stern or any Shock Jocks. It is good because the FCC can’t fine or censor any pay service because you (the buyer) want it. There are two different types of satellite radio though one is XM and the other is Sirius.